Researchers have discovered how acids on the surface of bacteria give these microscopic organisms their characteristic "rod" shape—by keeping an enzyme at bay that would otherwise turn the cylindrical ...

Automation uncovers combinations of amino acids that feed two bacterial species and could tell us much more about the 90% of bacteria that humans have hardly studied. An artificial intelligence system ...

Discover how red cabbage can act as a natural pH indicator, revealing whether substances are acids or bases through beautiful color changes. pH is a measure that tells us how acidic or basic a ...

Although most proteins of most living organisms are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids, all indications are that this standard alphabet represents a mere subset of what was available to ...

Parietal cells lining the human stomach produce hydrochloric acid concentrated to roughly 160 mmol/L, strong enough to pit ...