From structured peer activities to clear rubrics and observation tools, ESL speaking lessons can be designed to support both language growth and classroom inclusion. Teachers can create safe, engaging ...

Why structure matters: Using frameworks like Presentation, Practice, and Production keeps ESL conversation lessons flowing and relevant to learners’ goals. Gentle correction wins: Selective, ...

The group with the robot tutor made fewer errors and spoke more fluently than the group with human tutors, indicating the effectiveness of robot-assisted learning. Advancements in large language ...